深翻深度对砂姜黑土耕层性状和作物产量的影响及经济效益分析

Effect of Tillage Depths on Soil Physical Properties, Crop Yields, and Economic Benefits in Shajiang Black Soil

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 深耕是改善砂姜黑土耕层性状的有效手段，但不同耕作深度下耕层结构、养分状况、作物产量与作业成本的综合效益尚不清楚。探讨砂姜黑土区麦玉轮作体系下适宜的耕作深度，为优化该区域耕作策略提供依据。
    方法 在2023—2024年设置旋耕、深翻25 ~ 30 cm、深翻30 ~ 35 cm、深翻35 ~ 40 cm深度的田间试验，研究不同耕作深度对砂姜黑土0 ~ 40 cm土层土壤物理结构、养分性状、作物产量及经济效益的影响。
    结果 与旋耕相比，各深翻处理均能够显著降低10 ~ 20 cm土壤容重至1.40 g cm−3左右，降低15 ~ 30 cm深度土壤穿透阻力至1 MPa以下，土壤饱和导水率提高9.2% ~ 234%（P < 0.05）。随着耕作深度增加，土壤紧实度降低幅度越大，通气持水能力越高。此外，深翻25 ~ 30 cm能够显著提高0 ~ 20 cm土层有效磷和10 ~ 20 cm土层速效钾含量（P < 0.05），而深翻30 ~ 35 cm能够显著提高10 ~ 20 cm和20 ~ 30 cm土层土壤有机碳含量（P < 0.05）。结合各处理土壤结构及养分性状，深翻25 ~ 30 cm处理小麦和玉米增产幅度最大，周年作物产量较旋耕增加10.5%。综合两季产量表现和生产成本，深翻25 ~ 30 cm经济效益最高，年净收入较旋耕增加1131元 hm−2。
    结论 对于供试区小麦－玉米轮作体系下的典型砂姜黑土，深翻25 ~ 30 cm是短期内改善土壤结构、提高作物产量的适宜耕作深度，可为同类区域耕作制度的优化提供重要参考。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective  Deep ploughing is an effective practice for improving soil structure and properties in Shajiang black soil. However, the integrated effect regarding soil structure, fertility, crop yields, and the costs under different ploughing depths remain unclear.
    Method A field experiment was conducted at Longkang Farm with four treatments: rotary tillage (RT), deep ploughing 25 - 30 cm (DP25), deep ploughing 30 - 35 cm (DP30), and deep ploughing 35 - 40 cm (DP35). Soil physicochemical properties in the 0 - 40 cm soil layer, above-and underground biomass and crop yield under different tillage depths were determined, and the economic costs and benefits were evaluated.
    Result Our results showed that all deep ploughing treatments effectively reduced soil bulk density to around 1.40 g cm−3 in the 10 - 20 cm soil layer, and the penetration resistance to below 1 MPa in the 15 - 30 cm soil layer compared with RT treatment. The saturated hydraulic conductivity and available water capacity under deep ploughing were increased by 9.2% - 234% than the RT treatment. With the increase of tillage depth, the reduction in soil compaction was greater and the soil air/water holding capacity was higher. DP25 significantly increased available phosphorus content in the 0 - 20 cm layer and the available potassium in the 10 - 20 cm layer. DP30 and DP35 significantly enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrients in the 10 - 20 cm and 20 - 30 cm subsoil layers. With the improved soil structural and nutrient, DP25 achieved the highest yield over the year, which was increased by 10.5% compared to RT treatment. Combined the biannual yield performance and the costs during production, DP25 showed the greatest economic benefit with a net income increase of 1131 yuan hm−2 per year than that of the RT management.
    Conclusion Therefore, for the typical Shajiang black soil in the wheat-maize rotation system of the investigated area, deep ploughing to 25 - 30 cm was recommended as an appropriate tillage depth to improve soil structure and increase crop yield in short terms, which could provide an important reference for the optimization of tillage systems in similar regions.

     

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