The Mechanism of Rhizosphere Effect on Phytoremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil: A Review
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摘要: 多环芳烃类有机污染物在土壤中可长期存在，进而通过食物链对人类健康产生重大潜在风险。对多环芳烃污染土壤进行植物修复是一种环境友好且经济有效的污染补救策略。进行植物根际效应机制研究对于开发可持续性多环芳烃污染土壤的植物修复技术具有重要指导意义。对近年来的相关研究工作进行了总结，结果表明：多种禾本科植物具有较强的多环芳烃污染耐受性和较好的修复效能，利用多植物混植的联合修复方式表现出优于单一植物的修复优势。低分子量有机酸类根系分泌物通过与土壤中多环芳烃污染物形成反馈回路决定植物修复体系中多环芳烃的命运。修复植物根系分泌物可塑造特定的根际微生物区系，根际微生物可通过多种机制来降解土壤环境中的多环芳烃。针对在植物修复多环芳烃污染土壤研究过程中尚存在一些问题，提出了未来植物修复根际效应机理研究中应该关注的重点和方向，旨在为优化多环芳烃污染土壤植物修复技术提供科学依据与理论参考。Abstract: The organic pollutants of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can existinthesoil environment for a long time. They could pose a great threat to human health and cause inestimable damage once they were infiltratedinto the food chain. Phytoremediationis an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for the remediation of PAHs contaminated soil due to the rhizospheric effect on removing PAHs pollutants from soil. So it is significant to study the mechanism of rhizosphere effecton the phytoremediation of PAHs contaminated soil. This review summarized therelative researchprogress, showing that various plants of monocotyledons poaceae had better toleranceand remediation potential to remove PAHs from the contaminated soil. It was demonstrated that the combinationremediation of multiple plants could be the most advantageous approach than that of single plant. The root exudates with low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) released by the remediation plants combined with PAHs pollutants in the surrounding environments formeda feedback loop to determine the fate of PAHs in the phytoremediation. The root exudates of the remediation plants could be used to establish the specific rhizospheric microflora that could degrade PAHs byseveral different mechanisms. Aiming at a series of problems existed at present in the rhizosphere effects of PAHs phytoremediation, the key points and directions concerned in the future research were proposed, based on the review of the perspectives of roots, root exudates, rhizosphere microorganisms and their interactions, in order to provide a scientific basis and a theoretical reference for the development of phytoremediation technology inthe PAHs polluted soil.
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图 1 近20年有关多环芳烃植物修复研究的论文篇数
Figure 1. Publication number on the phytoremediation research of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the past 20 years
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图 2 多种植物修复策略示意图（引自Chandra et al.并稍作修改[15]）
Figure 2. Schematic representation of various phytoremediation strategies
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图 3 植物修复多环芳烃污染土壤的几种根际效应机制
Figure 3. Mechanism of rhizosphere effect on phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil
表 1 多环芳烃类污染土壤的植物修复（近5年的研究案例）
Table 1 Phytoremediation of PAHs in the soil（a case study in the past 5 years）
植物
Plant污染修复效果
Remediation effectiveness参考文献/国家
Reference/Country豆科 大豆（Glycinemax） 植物培养30 d，收集根系分泌物与分枝杆菌菌株混匀，PAHs去除率可达67% ~ 75%，但早期对PAHs降解效果显著，随着根系分泌物的耗竭降解能力下降。 [25]/中国 黄羽扇豆（Lupinus luteus） 周期14 d，植株生长在苯并[a]芘浓度小于100 mg kg−1时无毒性症状，但在垃圾填埋场土壤中生长时会表现出毒性症状（周期28 d）。 [26]/西班牙 红三叶（Trifolium pratense） 周期1 a的户外盆栽试验，PAHs去除率90%。 [27]/比利时 紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa） 周期60 d的盆栽试验或90 d的田间试验，PAHs去除率15% ~ 50%。其中微生物和紫花苜蓿联合修复比单独修复有效。 [27-28]/比利时、中国 周期40 d的盆栽试验，菲、蒽、芘总降解率95%。去除率受各多环芳烃初始土壤浓度的影响。 [29]/巴西 豌豆（Pisum sativum） 周期21 d的盆栽试验，萘去除率67%，植物能正常生长并保持其叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量不受影响。 [30]/阿尔及利亚 四棱豆（Psophocarpus tetragonolobus） 周期90 d的盆栽试验，芴、蒽、芘的去除率分别为61.2%、71.5%、96%，添加氮源可提高污染物的生物降解速率。 [31]/泰国 禾本科 高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea） 周期60 d的根盒试验，植物根际土壤PAHs去除率比无植物对照提高11%。根际土壤中细菌总数的丰度和活性
增加。[32]/中国 高羊茅/紫羊茅（Festuca rubra） 周期105 d的盆栽试验，总PAHs降解率94% ~ 96%。细菌的功能和遗传多样性增加。 [33]/波兰 芦苇（Phragmites australis） 周期75 d的盆栽试验，低浓度芘的去除率比高浓度
芘的高。[34]/日本 苏丹草（Sorghum vulgare） 周期20 d的盆栽试验，4种PAHs总去除率98%。苏丹草根际鞘脂单胞菌富集，增强PAHs耗散。 [23]/印度 水稻（Oryza sativa） 盆栽试验（从幼苗到成熟），特定PHAs在水稻根系、茎叶、稻壳、籽粒中累积。 [35]/中国 玉米（Zea mays） 玉米培养30 d后，收集根系分泌物与分枝杆菌菌株混匀，PAHs去除率69% ~ 78%。 [25]/中国 火凤凰（a mixture of Festuca） 周期150 d的盆栽试验，8种PAHs总去除率99%。微生物多样性增加，促进植物根系生长。 [24]/中国 周期150 d的盆栽试验，低、高分子量PAHs去除率分别为65%、68%。 [36]/中国 菊科 向日葵（Helianthus annuus） 周期90 d的盆栽试验，联合蚯蚓粪菲降解率57%。 [37]/中国 紫松果菊（Echinacea purpurea） 周期150 d的盆栽试验，4种PAHs总去除率57%。植物地下生物量对多环芳烃去除率影响较大。 [7]/中国 小蓬草（Conyza canadensis） 周期60 d的盆栽试验，菲、芘消散率为24% ~ 30%。低浓度硒可促进污染物的消散。 [10]/中国 藜科 厚皮菜（Beta vulgaris） 周期60 d的盆栽试验，萘、芘、茚苯芘去除率分别为91%、60%、36%。厚皮菜提高了土壤的氧化还原
电位。[38]/中国 禾本科/藜科 苏丹草、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）、香根草（Vetiveria zizanioides）与甜菜（Beta vulgaris）
间作周期90 d的盆栽试验，4种PAHs总去除率分别为85%、80%、84%。种植植物增强了土壤中多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性。 [39]/中国 豆科/禾本科 燕麦（Avena sativa）、三叶草（Trifolium repens）、玉米、苏丹草、香根草、紫花苜蓿、黑麦草、向日葵、高羊茅等14种植物 周期50 d的盆栽试验，苯并[a]芘去除率6% ~ 26%，芘去除率14% ~ 40%。苏丹草、香根草、玉米、向日葵去除量最大，C4植物比C3植物更有效降解PAHs。 [40]/澳大利亚 
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